Hobbes And Rousseau On The Social Contract Theory

Hobbes and Rousseau on the Social Contract Theory The social contract theory focuses on the origin of states and laws, and the impact of regulated communities or states on individuals. All conceptions of the social contract theory can be harmonized to the individual desire for safety or security and the demand for fulfillment through a collective agreement which transforms the human dimension into an organized society from the primordial state. Rousseau was the first philosopher to coin the social contract terminology despite it being recognized in some Greek philosophers’ works. Thomas Hobbes, however, is widely acknowledged as the founder of the social contract theory within western philosophy (Baird, 2011). As a result, the theories of Rousseau and Locke can be regarded, to some extent, to be based on the disquisitions of Hobbes. Conversely, Locke and Rousseau have transformed the concept of Hobbes to align with their perspectives on society and human nature. Hobbes and Rousseau have significant similarities and difference s in their similarities conceptions regarding the social contract theory. Hobbes argues that man naturally desires security and order. It is the quest for security and preservation, as well as the need to avoid pain and misery that made man to get into a contract. Self-preservation and protection are widespread in the nature of man and in an attempt to achieve it, man voluntarily surrendered all his rights and freedoms to the authority through theShow MoreRelatedThe Social Contract : Hobbes Vs. Rousseau1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe Social Contract: Hobbes vs. Rousseau Since the beginning of the modern age, governments and states have existed in order to maintain moral law. Essentially these institutions are for the greater good of humanity. However, little thought is ever given to how humans lived without governments. Each and every person in the modern age is born into a state, and becomes a part of that state regardless of their will. The concept that humans are born into a state is derived from the social contract. TheRead MoreHuman Nature Is Good, And Being A Beast1165 Words   |  5 Pages Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, and the author of Leviathan. Hobbes declared that human life was â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short†(Hobbes, 107). Hobbes felt that the natural state of man was beast-like, and savage. Thus, he felt that it is civilization that influences and challenges humanity from our fundamental wickedness. Within his view, human nature is dangerous; which can only be rescued through culture and community. According to Hobbes, being â€Å"civilized† is good, and beingRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages1a. The Social Contract Theory According to the Social Contract Theory, it suggests that all individuals must depend on an agreement/ or contract among each person to form a society, in which they live in. The concept emphasizes authority over individuals, in other words, the social contract favors authority (e.g. the Sovereign) over the individuals, because men have to forfeit their personal right and freedom to the government, in exchange for protection and security, which I will further elaborateRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Hobbes And Rousseau965 Words   |  4 PagesThis assessment is drawn from the works of Hobbes and Rousseau, whom despite addressing many of the same issues differed greatly on issues such as the state, human nature, and inequality, posing difficulty in telling who among the two represented a better view of those issues. A breakdown of the various works of both Hobbes and Rousseau will assist in examining the similarities and differences in their views on the three issues . To start with, Rousseau is of the view that human beings are not naturallyRead MoreHobbes And Rousseau s View Of State Of Nature1486 Words   |  6 Pagesstarting point of their theories about society, chief among them Hobbes and Rousseau. Even though both philosophers saw state of nature as the phase prior to formation of societies, Hobbes saw the state of nature as a step to the better phase (a political society ruled by sovereign), while Rousseau saw it as a step to man’s misery. For Hobbes, man’s natural state is fearful and chaotic phase which create the need for an institution that provides self-protection. Rousseau opposed Hobbes’s view ofRead MoreIs Outsourcing A Refugee Crisis?1544 Words   |  7 PagesThe authors I chose to focus on are Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau. From the readings â€Å"Leviathan† by Thomas Hobbes (CITE) and â€Å"Discourse on the Origin of Inequality† by Jean Jacques Rousseau (CITE), both authors have simi lar but yet very different viewpoints on ideas they have made. The ideas I will be comparing and contrasting between these two philosophers are their different beliefs and understandings on the state of nature and the social contract. The media objective I have chosen to focusRead MoreEvolution and the Modern Social Contract Theory : Essay Outline1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Outline POLS 14033 – Political Ideas and Ideologies The Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Question: Firstly, in this essay, we will describe and analyze the various concepts of the evolution and emergence of the modern social contract theory thru the analysis of several of its key political thinkers. We will provide a detailed review of the concepts that have developed and that were crucial for theRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Since The United States1449 Words   |  6 PagesFor this discussion, I am keen to discuss the Social Contract theory since I see this fundamental theory still directly affects today s politics in the United States as well as around the world. Contemporary study of neoliberalism and neo-conservatism as in the analysis of Wendy Brown (2006) or of political deliberation and deliberative democracy in the writing of Simone Chambers (2009) is a dynamic consequences of that basic concepts of democracy from the past. During its development, democracyRead MoreSocial And Political Order : Seat Belt Laws1102 Words   |  5 PagesSocial and Political Order: Seat Belt Laws Social and Political theories aim to define the relationships between government and citizen, and concerns the organization and basis of government. (Merriam-Webster, n.d). In application, the necessity to find a balance between two primary theories becomes apparent. Modern day social and political theories can largely be attributed to ideas of two individuals, Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Hobbes believed major government influence was a necessityRead MoreEssay on What is the Function of a Social Contract?1637 Words   |  7 PagesFunction of a Social Contract? Philosophers have been concerned with the theories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s). The

21st Century Advertisement Tactics Essay - 742 Words

21st Century Advertisement Tactics At first glance you see an incredibly handsome man embracing an enchanting young lady. The two appear to in love. They are all alone, kissing in a dark gloomy subway station. How can this be an advertisement for men ¡Ã‚ ¦s shoes? Most advertisements use appealing visuals like these to sell their products. Many of those techniques are illogical, deceptive, and some may even be considered too erotic. The attached advertisement for shoes employs many of these techniques in campaigning their product to customers. It promotes shallow values (sex appeal), it was illogical, and even deceptive. This advertisement was geared more for men. It is an ad for men ¡Ã‚ ¦s shoes and was found in a magazine geared for men. The†¦show more content†¦Then as I began to ponder to myself I wondered,  ¡Ã‚ §How could that particular shoe help a man get a beautiful women like that? ¡Ã‚ ¨ It was illogical that because he wore a certain type of shoe he was more attractive to the opposite sex. The sex is supposed to cover up or distract the viewer from the lack of logic in the advertisement. Not only was this advertisement illogical, but also it was using one of the oldest tactics in advertisement, sex appeal. The advertisement depicted two very attractive people kissing. They are holding each other close and every touch appears to be soft and gentle. From their kiss to the gentle touch of his hand across her lower back, the picture suggests soft sensual movements. All these visuals imply the same thing, sex. Shoes cannot increase the chance that a man will have sex. However, it is implied by the advertising companies to increase the likelihood that the customer will by the product. Advertising companies to promote a product also use slogans. The slogan used by this advertisement is  ¡Ã‚ §GXB no regrets. ¡Ã‚ ¨ The quot;GXBquot; is written in large, bold, white letters, and the quot;no regretsquot; was written in slightly bold, red letters, in an unusual font. At first I noticed that color was once again used to promote the product, but then I found that the slogan was somewhat illogical. What did  ¡Ã‚ §no regrets ¡Ã‚ ¨ mean? No regrets for buying the shoe or possibly no regrets cause I ¡Ã‚ ¦m with a beautifulShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Sexualization Of Women In Advertising1217 Words   |  5 PagesWomen have always faced oppression and unequal rights. In the early 1800s, women were treated as â€Å"slaves† and their purpose was to please the men in their lives (Smith, 2002). In the 1930s, Kellogg released an advertisement stating, â€Å"so the harder a wife works, the cuter she looks!† which sexualized women for their husband’s enjoyment (Heilpern, 2016). One would think over seven decades things would change, but unfortunately, similarities from both the 1800s and the 1930s are still present todayRead MoreDevelopment and Advancement of Kudler Fine Foods833 Words   |  3 Pagesplans for strategic development and growth involved expansion of the business and entry in internet sales. Presently, the company has transformed into a virtue company where most of its transactions take place online. Kudler’s can be described as a 21st century company due to its increased involvement in online transactions. Kudler Fine Foods benefits from market research in many ways; to star with the market research helps the company keep up with current market trends. Market research provides KudlerRead MoreEssay on Consumerism in a Sexual Economy1196 Words   |  5 Pagescouldn’t pull your eyes away from? If so then the advertisement did its job, and may even be worth the chunk of change it cost to produce. The people of the United States have seen and heard about countless products for so many years, and that has brought about a problem for the corporations putting the ads out. With so many ads pushing into the heads of the American public, there has been desensitization and a growing accustomed to all the advertisements. If the consumer does not pay attention to theRead MoreMany People Surmise That Products In Advertisements Do1053 Words   |  5 PagesMany people surmise that products in advertisements do what they promise to. The same people will believe any claim to be true when the face of a authoritative figure like Kim Kardashian is included in the advertisement. When the topic of fitness and health, self-esteem, or self- confidence is brought into play, potential customers will readily buy into the probability that one product can positively and effectively change their lives (without any knowledge that they are being manipulated by fallacies)Read MoreMovie Analysis : Movie Tie Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pageswanted to promote their product instead. This marketing strategy is actually a really ingenious idea. Why have a advertisement such as a billboard or a wall painting, that is only in one location and that only features your product to a limited audience? I mean, if you have an advertisement on the main road, only those who travel the main road will be exposed to the advertisement and those who travel other roads won’t get a chance to view it. Therefore, all those who don’t travel the main roadRead MoreUsing Bait And Switch Advertising1305 Words   |  6 Pageseconomist who graduated from Stanford, defines bait and switch advertising as when a â€Å"low priced good is advertised but replaced by a different good at the showroom.† (813) In other words, what is advertised is not the final product. Rather, the advertisement is used to draw in customers who then must settle for the next best thing – according to the company, of course. Additionally, he gives a second definition of bait and switch. T his definition is the conditional opposite, though it has the sameRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Marketing1340 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the centuries the advances of technology have drastically changed the marketing field. The 21st century was revolutionary for the development of social media. With the expansion of social media, the marketing world needed to successfully reach a new audience. Before the advances in technology, marketers had no interaction with their customers. The marketers would simply throw advertisements in the face of the consumers. This strategy would result in short-term results and give businessesRead MoreThe Impact Of Fashion On The Fashion Industry1796 Words   |  8 PagesIn the 21st century, the fashion industry remains prominent as it continues to rise in an era of global trade. Developing in the late 19th and early 20th century, the fashion industry was on the rise with newer technologies that stimulated new manufacturing practices and further improved the growth of a soon to be â€Å"multibillion-dollar global enterprise† (Major). Fashion is a an art that conveys human expression through clothing, in which many individuals are willing to spend money on and experienceRead MoreMarketing Of Marketing For A Product1486 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluate and assess is a carbonated soft drink with the world’s most recognizable brand and the company, which is operating in over 200 countries, Coca-Cola. Created by John Pemburton in the late nineteenth century and later bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler. Coca-Cola used marketing tactics led the product to its dominance of the worlds soft drink market. Their mission consists of three things that has taken part in their empowerment over the industry, which is â€Å"to refresh the world in mindRead MoreHow Clothing Quantity And Quality Of Clothing1766 Words   |  8 PagesAs of the 20th and the current 21st century, the fashion industry remains promine nt, rising to global domination. Developing first in the late 19th and early 20th century, the fashion industry was on the rise with newer technologies that stimulated new manufacturing practices and further improved the growth of a soon to be multibillion-dollar global enterprise (Major).Throughout the general public and media, questions arise in regards to the topic of how clothing quantity and quality is affected

HBR case Free Essays

While MS gained the biggest share in SO market, it could not achieve the same dominance in PC applications. The organization of Office Business Unit (BOB) in MS had departments that were functionally independent. M’s initial software development was at a large part decided by technicians who are enthusiastic in programming but less focused on user experience. We will write a custom essay sample on HBR case or any similar topic only for you Order Now In mid asses, they formally introduced program management into he development of new products. The project/tech lead, program manager, product manager, online/print-based lead and localization lead worked together in a cohesive endeavor for the office product. Although MS boasted its’ small company style which had small teams work together, the problem between product managers and developers was they didn’t cooperate very closely. Lack of communication and mutual understanding, they both acted in their own ways. Since M’s culture was ‘people know what they are doing and will try to do the right thing, they didn’t make enough effort to fix it. The development of Word for Windows was behind schedule when it first started. The requirements included too many features regarding the interface and integration with other applications, e. G. Database, spreadsheet, data protection etc. And frequent changes of management, e. G. The absence of technical lead had prolonged the development process. Besides, pressure on the schedule made it even more difficult for engineers to assure quality of the product. Although facing these difficulties, the program finally completed successfully. The market condition was also favorable to the Windrow since the product had fewer bug than expected and its’ competitor’s products were still under development. Ideas for improving product development in process, management and develop strategies came up based on the postmortem of BOB office development. It is now a consensus that more structured process, especially an early specification, and clear phases for design and implementation would help MS stick to the schedule. Some managers at MS contend that lack of control and focus in management was the major weak-point. I cannot totally agree with that, because if we need the teams to stay small and agile, there are definitely tradeoffs in management control. Last but not the least, it is also said that development strategy has been unsatisfactory for Word development. The share of code between products of different platform was difficult in the initial phases of development, but I don’t think we should blame too much on OBI-G’S development strategy since they were already aware of the problem. If they decided to deal with this problem, the release of Word would be even later, and it would probably brought them into unfavorable market conditions. How to cite HBR case, Papers

Performance Relationship in Ghanaian Small Businesses

Question: Discuss about the Performance Relationship in Ghanaian Small Businesses. Answer: Introduction Marketing strategy is the methodology adopted by any business organization to reach the target market in a bid to "optimally sell their products to the customers" (Asomaning, Abdulai, 2015, pp.69-86). A Products is likely or not to sell satisfactorily in the market depending on the market strategy adopted by the business organization in question. Marketing strategy creates an image of the goods to be sold to the customers. A well-formulated market strategy impacts the potential customers and therefore more sales by the organization. Effective marketing is key to customers' encouragement to purchase a commodity. The later sees a company rise beyond the competition levels and therefore increased sales. Customers' loyalty is a company's strength; effective marketing strategy keeps the customers purchasing from a given producer according to Baker, M.J., (2014) A marketing strategy has quite some key elements. They include; the identification of promotional opportunities, marketing opportunities evaluation, objective of the marketing, setting goals, strategies and market tactics, "market research and identification of the target market" (Feng, Morgan, Rego, 2015, pp.1-20). Elements of an effective strategic marketing; the Apple Inc. Goal setting is one of the major element of strategic marketing strategy. A company should set realistic goals which are achievable within a given captured by West and Ibrahim, (2015). The set goals are the evaluation basis of the company's progress in the realization of its objectives in the strategic marketing motive. The major goal in formulating and executing a strategic plan is to increase or gain a reliable customer base for the business organization. Moreover, the strategic marketing plan builds the company's reputation and therefore "win the trust of the customers" (Wei, Samiee Lee, 2014, pp.49-70).The ultimate goal the strategic marketing plan is to lay a solid foundation for the company and its products to the targeted market. The Apple Inc. company has goals in strategic marketing is to make the potential customers rethink and imagine of their premium gadgets. The company's strategic marketing is aimed at winning the customer's interest in the company's products. Market research is an effective tool in strategic market planning. The strategist should do a market survey to establish the most sellable products and the probable market for the product. The marketer is bestowed with the responsibility of determining estimated customers to be served to plan for the product production. The researcher should apply different methods of market research to establish what is available in the market and the market niches and hence a business opportunity. Surveys and interviews, as well as observations, are useful methods in conducting a market research for a strategic market survey as pointed out by Sheth and Sisodia, (2015). The Apple Inc. company's success can be attributed to the intensive market research to establish the customers' needs. The company has therefore been able to track the changes in demands of electronic gadgets and then manufacturing the goods to the customer specification. Identification of promotional opportunities in the market is very "essential in the impactful market entry" (Matsuno Mentzer, 2015, pp. 49-55). A market gap is the best opportunity for any business to venture into a market successfully. A promotional opportunity in the market is a subject of in availability of a given commodity which the company can provide to the potential customers. Giving out promotional goods to potential customers is a good way of publicizing the good to the potential customers. The Apple Inc. company has been giving promotional gadgets to customers randomly. Upon launch of a new device, the company gives out few pieces of the latter to some customers as test samples. By so doing, the company attracts more people to buy its gadgets as argued out by Rachet, B., (2014). A strategic marketing plan should be done on the deployment of several tactics. A combination of different marketing tactics is more effective in conducting a strategic marketing as stipulated by Rachet, B., (2014). For instance, product promotion is effective in marketing, however, it reaches a limited number of potential customers. Other tactics like sponsoring events are effective because many people view the sporting activities sponsored by companies. The objective of a strategic marketing should also be well known. The latter ensures that the marketer delivers reliable information about the product being marketed. Identification of the target market is "crucial in the formulation of a marketing plan" (Ozkaya et al., 2015, pp. 447-456). The marketing strategy must be relevant to the targeted group of people. For instance, if the target market for a marketing program is the youth generation, it must be done I way to attract their attention; e.g. Celebrity advertisement. Identification of the target market is key in maintaining the relevance of the product marketing to the right to the right population bracket. The Apple Inc. targets the youthful generation in its strategic marketing strategy according to Ozkaya et al., (2015). Its advertisements of the television and online are characterized by youthful technological enthusiasts who keep on buying every new device on the market. Recommendations for Apple Inc. on strategic marketing. The Apple Inc. company does a lot of strategic marketing. For instance, the company uses social media like Twitter and Facebook among other leading social media to advertise its products. Moreover, the company does use its official web page to advertise for its products. However, the strategies used by this company to advertise are not popular in some countries, and therefore the company doesn't make huge sales. For instance, some countries like Pakistan are characterized by low internet penetration, and therefore only a few number of people can get the advertisings digitally. This, therefore, calls for a marketing strategy that uses advertisements like billboards and roadshows to reach them effectively. Moreover, some generations, like the elderly rarely use the social media platforms. This leaves them with limited chances to see an advertisement by the Apple Inc. The Apple Inc. company should, therefore, ensure that their marketing strategy captures all the age brackets to reach a larger number of people for optimum customer turnout. The Apple Inc. and its market orientation. Market orientation for any company is "very important in the business venture" (Joseph Mehta, 2015, pp.76-84). The latter has implications on the company's profit or loss performance in its operations. The profitability index of a given company is a subject of its customers and their loyalty to buy from the company in question. A good customer base and loyalty to a given company is a subject of the company's culture orientation and the nature of the target market. There are three major market orientations which include; customer orientation, competitor orientation and the interfunctional coordination. The Apple Inc. company manufactures electronics, and it's one of the "most successful company in this venture" (Matsuno Mentzer, 2015, pp. 49-55). The Apple Inc. company is market orientated in that it does extensive market research to establish the type of product the customers prefer and hence manufacture it. The company's global targets and the wide customer base give their feedback on the specification they prefer on their phones. This company is customer oriented in its nature of doing business. The Apple Inc. customer orientation is evident from its venture into the electronics manufacture in 1976 when it produced its first product; the Apple 1. Through market research, the company had spotted a gap in technological demand in the market and therefore venture into the business. From then, the company has grown to a technological giant worth "billions of dollars in the stock exchange markets" (Patel et al., 2016, pp.650-660). Demand for the Apple's products has been high for quite some years because the company keeps track of its customers regarding consumer behavior and release products to the market based on the tends in customer demands. Moreover, the Apple Inc. key driver to its success is the "customer satisfaction" (Patel et al., 2016, pp.650-660). A customer oriented business organization aims at satisfying the customer first. The company manufactures a fairly wide range of products for customers which include; iPhone, iPads, Macintosh Computers, iPod among other consumer products. The company makes sure its customers are satisfied by keeping the production trend on the move characterized by innovation. The company produces advanced models of the existing brands yearly and therefore quench the demand for new and improved devices in functionality. Competitor orientation. The Apple Inc. is competitor-oriented in its operation to maintain its customers and "profitability in the competitive market" (Bendle Vandenbosch, 2014, pp.781-795). The main competitor to the Apple Inc. is Samsung Electronics Company. The Apple Inc. has maintained a competitive advantage other this giant competitor by maintained technological advancements and innovation in the manufacture of new electronic gadgets as stated by Lewrick et al. (2015). Innovativeness is key to competition for customers; customers always buy the good whose price is best at that given quality. The Apple Inc. company, under the leadership of Tim Cook, is organized in a way that it can respond to market changes within a "short time and effectively" (Patel et al., 2016, pp.650-660). Moreover, the company is administered into different operational units specialized in the manufacture of specified gadgets. The latter is key to effective business organization and productivity. Interfunctional coordination has enabled the Apple Inc. to manufacture the required electronics within the shortest time possible and therefore meet the customer demands. Recommendations for a "more market-oriented" Apple Inc. The Apple Inc. has a large customer base compared to most of its competitors, however, for continued success, it needs to be more market-oriented business operations. The Apple Inc. is not product oriented because it doesn't put much emphasis on the cost of the final product upon manufacture. The Apple Inc. company's products are presumed expensive, and therefore the company misses out in the middle-class customers as they cannot afford the Apple's products. The number of middle-class earners who would have bought Apple's products are many but, unfortunately, the company doesn't manufacture middle range gadgets. It's recommendable for the Apple Inc. to start manufacturing middle range price gadgets and tame the millions of people who live to admire the Apple's magnificent craftsmanship but cannot afford. The latter is a double-edged sword as; apart from attracting the middle-class earners, it will be a competitor oriented strategy against the Apple's competitor like Samsung, which does produce the middle ranger gadgets. Conclusion Conclusively, marketing strategy is the key drive to winning the customers trust on a product. An effective marketing strategy must capture the main elements of a strategic market plan in its formulation which include market research and identification of the target market among others. The business organization management is bestowed with the ultimate responsibility of formulation of impactful marketing strategy for the business organization. Moreover, the market orientation is critical to the success of business in its operations. Customer orientation, competitor orientation, and Interfunctional coordination are of important consideration in a business venture. Keen observation of the latter is a fruitful technique of business entry and sustainability in the competitive environment. References Asomaning, R. and Abdulai, A., 2015. An Empirical Evidence of the Market OrientationMarket Performance Relationship in Ghanaian Small Businesses. Educational Research International, 4(2), pp.69-86. Baker, M.J., 2014. Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Bendle, N. and Vandenbosch, M., 2014. Competitor orientation and the evolution of business markets. Marketing Science, 33(6), pp.781-795. Feng, H., Morgan, N.A. and Rego, L.L., 2015. Marketing department power and firm performance. Journal of Marketing, 79(5), pp.1-20. Ferrell, O.C. and Hartline, M., 2012. Marketing strategy, text and cases. Nelson Education. Gummesson, E., Kuusela, H. and Nrvnen, E., 2014. Reinventing marketing strategy by recasting supplier/customer roles. Journal of Service Management, 25(2), pp.228-240. Joseph, D. and Mehta, B., 2015. Market orientation and internal marketing. International Journal in Management Social Science, 3(3), pp.76-84. Lengler, J.F., Sousa, C.M. and Marques, C., 2013. Exploring the linear and quadratic effects of customer and competitor orientation on export performance. International Marketing Review, 30(5), pp.440-468. Lewrick, M., Williams, R., Maktoba, O., Tjandra, N. and Lee, Z.C., 2015. Radical and incremental innovation effectiveness in relation to market orientation in the retail industry: triggers, drivers, and supporters. Successful Technological Integration for Competitve Advantage in Retail Settings, IGI Global, pp.239-268. Matsuno, K. and Mentzer, J.T., 2015. Market orientation: Reconciliation of two conceptualizations. In Proceedings of the 1995 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 49-55). Springer International Publishing. Ozkaya, H.E., Hult, G.T.M., Calantone, R. and Droge, C., 2015. Antecedents and Consequences of Marketing and Innovation Competence: Does Orientation Matter?. In Ideas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old (pp. 447-456). Springer International Publishing. Patel, V.K., Manley, S.C., Hair, J.F., Ferrell, O.C. and Pieper, T.M., 2016. Is stakeholder orientation relevant for European firms?. European Management Journal, 34(6), pp.650-660. Rachet, B., 2014. Swot Analysis of Apple Inc. Docs. school Publications. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015. Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Wei, Y.S., Samiee, S. and Lee, R.P., 2014. The influence of organic organizational cultures, market responsiveness, and product strategy on firm performance in an emerging market. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 42(1), pp.49-70. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015. Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press.