Hobbes And Rousseau On The Social Contract Theory

Hobbes and Rousseau on the Social Contract Theory The social contract theory focuses on the origin of states and laws, and the impact of regulated communities or states on individuals. All conceptions of the social contract theory can be harmonized to the individual desire for safety or security and the demand for fulfillment through a collective agreement which transforms the human dimension into an organized society from the primordial state. Rousseau was the first philosopher to coin the social contract terminology despite it being recognized in some Greek philosophers’ works. Thomas Hobbes, however, is widely acknowledged as the founder of the social contract theory within western philosophy (Baird, 2011). As a result, the theories of Rousseau and Locke can be regarded, to some extent, to be based on the disquisitions of Hobbes. Conversely, Locke and Rousseau have transformed the concept of Hobbes to align with their perspectives on society and human nature. Hobbes and Rousseau have significant similarities and difference s in their similarities conceptions regarding the social contract theory. Hobbes argues that man naturally desires security and order. It is the quest for security and preservation, as well as the need to avoid pain and misery that made man to get into a contract. Self-preservation and protection are widespread in the nature of man and in an attempt to achieve it, man voluntarily surrendered all his rights and freedoms to the authority through theShow MoreRelatedThe Social Contract : Hobbes Vs. Rousseau1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe Social Contract: Hobbes vs. Rousseau Since the beginning of the modern age, governments and states have existed in order to maintain moral law. Essentially these institutions are for the greater good of humanity. However, little thought is ever given to how humans lived without governments. Each and every person in the modern age is born into a state, and becomes a part of that state regardless of their will. The concept that humans are born into a state is derived from the social contract. TheRead MoreHuman Nature Is Good, And Being A Beast1165 Words   |  5 Pages Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, and the author of Leviathan. Hobbes declared that human life was â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short†(Hobbes, 107). Hobbes felt that the natural state of man was beast-like, and savage. Thus, he felt that it is civilization that influences and challenges humanity from our fundamental wickedness. Within his view, human nature is dangerous; which can only be rescued through culture and community. According to Hobbes, being â€Å"civilized† is good, and beingRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages1a. The Social Contract Theory According to the Social Contract Theory, it suggests that all individuals must depend on an agreement/ or contract among each person to form a society, in which they live in. The concept emphasizes authority over individuals, in other words, the social contract favors authority (e.g. the Sovereign) over the individuals, because men have to forfeit their personal right and freedom to the government, in exchange for protection and security, which I will further elaborateRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Hobbes And Rousseau965 Words   |  4 PagesThis assessment is drawn from the works of Hobbes and Rousseau, whom despite addressing many of the same issues differed greatly on issues such as the state, human nature, and inequality, posing difficulty in telling who among the two represented a better view of those issues. A breakdown of the various works of both Hobbes and Rousseau will assist in examining the similarities and differences in their views on the three issues . To start with, Rousseau is of the view that human beings are not naturallyRead MoreHobbes And Rousseau s View Of State Of Nature1486 Words   |  6 Pagesstarting point of their theories about society, chief among them Hobbes and Rousseau. Even though both philosophers saw state of nature as the phase prior to formation of societies, Hobbes saw the state of nature as a step to the better phase (a political society ruled by sovereign), while Rousseau saw it as a step to man’s misery. For Hobbes, man’s natural state is fearful and chaotic phase which create the need for an institution that provides self-protection. Rousseau opposed Hobbes’s view ofRead MoreIs Outsourcing A Refugee Crisis?1544 Words   |  7 PagesThe authors I chose to focus on are Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau. From the readings â€Å"Leviathan† by Thomas Hobbes (CITE) and â€Å"Discourse on the Origin of Inequality† by Jean Jacques Rousseau (CITE), both authors have simi lar but yet very different viewpoints on ideas they have made. The ideas I will be comparing and contrasting between these two philosophers are their different beliefs and understandings on the state of nature and the social contract. The media objective I have chosen to focusRead MoreEvolution and the Modern Social Contract Theory : Essay Outline1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Outline POLS 14033 – Political Ideas and Ideologies The Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Question: Firstly, in this essay, we will describe and analyze the various concepts of the evolution and emergence of the modern social contract theory thru the analysis of several of its key political thinkers. We will provide a detailed review of the concepts that have developed and that were crucial for theRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Since The United States1449 Words   |  6 PagesFor this discussion, I am keen to discuss the Social Contract theory since I see this fundamental theory still directly affects today s politics in the United States as well as around the world. Contemporary study of neoliberalism and neo-conservatism as in the analysis of Wendy Brown (2006) or of political deliberation and deliberative democracy in the writing of Simone Chambers (2009) is a dynamic consequences of that basic concepts of democracy from the past. During its development, democracyRead MoreSocial And Political Order : Seat Belt Laws1102 Words   |  5 PagesSocial and Political Order: Seat Belt Laws Social and Political theories aim to define the relationships between government and citizen, and concerns the organization and basis of government. (Merriam-Webster, n.d). In application, the necessity to find a balance between two primary theories becomes apparent. Modern day social and political theories can largely be attributed to ideas of two individuals, Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Hobbes believed major government influence was a necessityRead MoreEssay on What is the Function of a Social Contract?1637 Words   |  7 PagesFunction of a Social Contract? Philosophers have been concerned with the theories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s). The

21st Century Advertisement Tactics Essay - 742 Words

21st Century Advertisement Tactics At first glance you see an incredibly handsome man embracing an enchanting young lady. The two appear to in love. They are all alone, kissing in a dark gloomy subway station. How can this be an advertisement for men ¡Ã‚ ¦s shoes? Most advertisements use appealing visuals like these to sell their products. Many of those techniques are illogical, deceptive, and some may even be considered too erotic. The attached advertisement for shoes employs many of these techniques in campaigning their product to customers. It promotes shallow values (sex appeal), it was illogical, and even deceptive. This advertisement was geared more for men. It is an ad for men ¡Ã‚ ¦s shoes and was found in a magazine geared for men. The†¦show more content†¦Then as I began to ponder to myself I wondered,  ¡Ã‚ §How could that particular shoe help a man get a beautiful women like that? ¡Ã‚ ¨ It was illogical that because he wore a certain type of shoe he was more attractive to the opposite sex. The sex is supposed to cover up or distract the viewer from the lack of logic in the advertisement. Not only was this advertisement illogical, but also it was using one of the oldest tactics in advertisement, sex appeal. The advertisement depicted two very attractive people kissing. They are holding each other close and every touch appears to be soft and gentle. From their kiss to the gentle touch of his hand across her lower back, the picture suggests soft sensual movements. All these visuals imply the same thing, sex. Shoes cannot increase the chance that a man will have sex. However, it is implied by the advertising companies to increase the likelihood that the customer will by the product. Advertising companies to promote a product also use slogans. The slogan used by this advertisement is  ¡Ã‚ §GXB no regrets. ¡Ã‚ ¨ The quot;GXBquot; is written in large, bold, white letters, and the quot;no regretsquot; was written in slightly bold, red letters, in an unusual font. At first I noticed that color was once again used to promote the product, but then I found that the slogan was somewhat illogical. What did  ¡Ã‚ §no regrets ¡Ã‚ ¨ mean? No regrets for buying the shoe or possibly no regrets cause I ¡Ã‚ ¦m with a beautifulShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Sexualization Of Women In Advertising1217 Words   |  5 PagesWomen have always faced oppression and unequal rights. In the early 1800s, women were treated as â€Å"slaves† and their purpose was to please the men in their lives (Smith, 2002). In the 1930s, Kellogg released an advertisement stating, â€Å"so the harder a wife works, the cuter she looks!† which sexualized women for their husband’s enjoyment (Heilpern, 2016). One would think over seven decades things would change, but unfortunately, similarities from both the 1800s and the 1930s are still present todayRead MoreDevelopment and Advancement of Kudler Fine Foods833 Words   |  3 Pagesplans for strategic development and growth involved expansion of the business and entry in internet sales. Presently, the company has transformed into a virtue company where most of its transactions take place online. Kudler’s can be described as a 21st century company due to its increased involvement in online transactions. Kudler Fine Foods benefits from market research in many ways; to star with the market research helps the company keep up with current market trends. Market research provides KudlerRead MoreEssay on Consumerism in a Sexual Economy1196 Words   |  5 Pagescouldn’t pull your eyes away from? If so then the advertisement did its job, and may even be worth the chunk of change it cost to produce. The people of the United States have seen and heard about countless products for so many years, and that has brought about a problem for the corporations putting the ads out. With so many ads pushing into the heads of the American public, there has been desensitization and a growing accustomed to all the advertisements. If the consumer does not pay attention to theRead MoreMany People Surmise That Products In Advertisements Do1053 Words   |  5 PagesMany people surmise that products in advertisements do what they promise to. The same people will believe any claim to be true when the face of a authoritative figure like Kim Kardashian is included in the advertisement. When the topic of fitness and health, self-esteem, or self- confidence is brought into play, potential customers will readily buy into the probability that one product can positively and effectively change their lives (without any knowledge that they are being manipulated by fallacies)Read MoreMovie Analysis : Movie Tie Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pageswanted to promote their product instead. This marketing strategy is actually a really ingenious idea. Why have a advertisement such as a billboard or a wall painting, that is only in one location and that only features your product to a limited audience? I mean, if you have an advertisement on the main road, only those who travel the main road will be exposed to the advertisement and those who travel other roads won’t get a chance to view it. Therefore, all those who don’t travel the main roadRead MoreUsing Bait And Switch Advertising1305 Words   |  6 Pageseconomist who graduated from Stanford, defines bait and switch advertising as when a â€Å"low priced good is advertised but replaced by a different good at the showroom.† (813) In other words, what is advertised is not the final product. Rather, the advertisement is used to draw in customers who then must settle for the next best thing – according to the company, of course. Additionally, he gives a second definition of bait and switch. T his definition is the conditional opposite, though it has the sameRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Marketing1340 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the centuries the advances of technology have drastically changed the marketing field. The 21st century was revolutionary for the development of social media. With the expansion of social media, the marketing world needed to successfully reach a new audience. Before the advances in technology, marketers had no interaction with their customers. The marketers would simply throw advertisements in the face of the consumers. This strategy would result in short-term results and give businessesRead MoreThe Impact Of Fashion On The Fashion Industry1796 Words   |  8 PagesIn the 21st century, the fashion industry remains prominent as it continues to rise in an era of global trade. Developing in the late 19th and early 20th century, the fashion industry was on the rise with newer technologies that stimulated new manufacturing practices and further improved the growth of a soon to be â€Å"multibillion-dollar global enterprise† (Major). Fashion is a an art that conveys human expression through clothing, in which many individuals are willing to spend money on and experienceRead MoreMarketing Of Marketing For A Product1486 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluate and assess is a carbonated soft drink with the world’s most recognizable brand and the company, which is operating in over 200 countries, Coca-Cola. Created by John Pemburton in the late nineteenth century and later bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler. Coca-Cola used marketing tactics led the product to its dominance of the worlds soft drink market. Their mission consists of three things that has taken part in their empowerment over the industry, which is â€Å"to refresh the world in mindRead MoreHow Clothing Quantity And Quality Of Clothing1766 Words   |  8 PagesAs of the 20th and the current 21st century, the fashion industry remains promine nt, rising to global domination. Developing first in the late 19th and early 20th century, the fashion industry was on the rise with newer technologies that stimulated new manufacturing practices and further improved the growth of a soon to be multibillion-dollar global enterprise (Major).Throughout the general public and media, questions arise in regards to the topic of how clothing quantity and quality is affected

HBR case Free Essays

While MS gained the biggest share in SO market, it could not achieve the same dominance in PC applications. The organization of Office Business Unit (BOB) in MS had departments that were functionally independent. M’s initial software development was at a large part decided by technicians who are enthusiastic in programming but less focused on user experience. We will write a custom essay sample on HBR case or any similar topic only for you Order Now In mid asses, they formally introduced program management into he development of new products. The project/tech lead, program manager, product manager, online/print-based lead and localization lead worked together in a cohesive endeavor for the office product. Although MS boasted its’ small company style which had small teams work together, the problem between product managers and developers was they didn’t cooperate very closely. Lack of communication and mutual understanding, they both acted in their own ways. Since M’s culture was ‘people know what they are doing and will try to do the right thing, they didn’t make enough effort to fix it. The development of Word for Windows was behind schedule when it first started. The requirements included too many features regarding the interface and integration with other applications, e. G. Database, spreadsheet, data protection etc. And frequent changes of management, e. G. The absence of technical lead had prolonged the development process. Besides, pressure on the schedule made it even more difficult for engineers to assure quality of the product. Although facing these difficulties, the program finally completed successfully. The market condition was also favorable to the Windrow since the product had fewer bug than expected and its’ competitor’s products were still under development. Ideas for improving product development in process, management and develop strategies came up based on the postmortem of BOB office development. It is now a consensus that more structured process, especially an early specification, and clear phases for design and implementation would help MS stick to the schedule. Some managers at MS contend that lack of control and focus in management was the major weak-point. I cannot totally agree with that, because if we need the teams to stay small and agile, there are definitely tradeoffs in management control. Last but not the least, it is also said that development strategy has been unsatisfactory for Word development. The share of code between products of different platform was difficult in the initial phases of development, but I don’t think we should blame too much on OBI-G’S development strategy since they were already aware of the problem. If they decided to deal with this problem, the release of Word would be even later, and it would probably brought them into unfavorable market conditions. How to cite HBR case, Papers

Performance Relationship in Ghanaian Small Businesses

Question: Discuss about the Performance Relationship in Ghanaian Small Businesses. Answer: Introduction Marketing strategy is the methodology adopted by any business organization to reach the target market in a bid to "optimally sell their products to the customers" (Asomaning, Abdulai, 2015, pp.69-86). A Products is likely or not to sell satisfactorily in the market depending on the market strategy adopted by the business organization in question. Marketing strategy creates an image of the goods to be sold to the customers. A well-formulated market strategy impacts the potential customers and therefore more sales by the organization. Effective marketing is key to customers' encouragement to purchase a commodity. The later sees a company rise beyond the competition levels and therefore increased sales. Customers' loyalty is a company's strength; effective marketing strategy keeps the customers purchasing from a given producer according to Baker, M.J., (2014) A marketing strategy has quite some key elements. They include; the identification of promotional opportunities, marketing opportunities evaluation, objective of the marketing, setting goals, strategies and market tactics, "market research and identification of the target market" (Feng, Morgan, Rego, 2015, pp.1-20). Elements of an effective strategic marketing; the Apple Inc. Goal setting is one of the major element of strategic marketing strategy. A company should set realistic goals which are achievable within a given captured by West and Ibrahim, (2015). The set goals are the evaluation basis of the company's progress in the realization of its objectives in the strategic marketing motive. The major goal in formulating and executing a strategic plan is to increase or gain a reliable customer base for the business organization. Moreover, the strategic marketing plan builds the company's reputation and therefore "win the trust of the customers" (Wei, Samiee Lee, 2014, pp.49-70).The ultimate goal the strategic marketing plan is to lay a solid foundation for the company and its products to the targeted market. The Apple Inc. company has goals in strategic marketing is to make the potential customers rethink and imagine of their premium gadgets. The company's strategic marketing is aimed at winning the customer's interest in the company's products. Market research is an effective tool in strategic market planning. The strategist should do a market survey to establish the most sellable products and the probable market for the product. The marketer is bestowed with the responsibility of determining estimated customers to be served to plan for the product production. The researcher should apply different methods of market research to establish what is available in the market and the market niches and hence a business opportunity. Surveys and interviews, as well as observations, are useful methods in conducting a market research for a strategic market survey as pointed out by Sheth and Sisodia, (2015). The Apple Inc. company's success can be attributed to the intensive market research to establish the customers' needs. The company has therefore been able to track the changes in demands of electronic gadgets and then manufacturing the goods to the customer specification. Identification of promotional opportunities in the market is very "essential in the impactful market entry" (Matsuno Mentzer, 2015, pp. 49-55). A market gap is the best opportunity for any business to venture into a market successfully. A promotional opportunity in the market is a subject of in availability of a given commodity which the company can provide to the potential customers. Giving out promotional goods to potential customers is a good way of publicizing the good to the potential customers. The Apple Inc. company has been giving promotional gadgets to customers randomly. Upon launch of a new device, the company gives out few pieces of the latter to some customers as test samples. By so doing, the company attracts more people to buy its gadgets as argued out by Rachet, B., (2014). A strategic marketing plan should be done on the deployment of several tactics. A combination of different marketing tactics is more effective in conducting a strategic marketing as stipulated by Rachet, B., (2014). For instance, product promotion is effective in marketing, however, it reaches a limited number of potential customers. Other tactics like sponsoring events are effective because many people view the sporting activities sponsored by companies. The objective of a strategic marketing should also be well known. The latter ensures that the marketer delivers reliable information about the product being marketed. Identification of the target market is "crucial in the formulation of a marketing plan" (Ozkaya et al., 2015, pp. 447-456). The marketing strategy must be relevant to the targeted group of people. For instance, if the target market for a marketing program is the youth generation, it must be done I way to attract their attention; e.g. Celebrity advertisement. Identification of the target market is key in maintaining the relevance of the product marketing to the right to the right population bracket. The Apple Inc. targets the youthful generation in its strategic marketing strategy according to Ozkaya et al., (2015). Its advertisements of the television and online are characterized by youthful technological enthusiasts who keep on buying every new device on the market. Recommendations for Apple Inc. on strategic marketing. The Apple Inc. company does a lot of strategic marketing. For instance, the company uses social media like Twitter and Facebook among other leading social media to advertise its products. Moreover, the company does use its official web page to advertise for its products. However, the strategies used by this company to advertise are not popular in some countries, and therefore the company doesn't make huge sales. For instance, some countries like Pakistan are characterized by low internet penetration, and therefore only a few number of people can get the advertisings digitally. This, therefore, calls for a marketing strategy that uses advertisements like billboards and roadshows to reach them effectively. Moreover, some generations, like the elderly rarely use the social media platforms. This leaves them with limited chances to see an advertisement by the Apple Inc. The Apple Inc. company should, therefore, ensure that their marketing strategy captures all the age brackets to reach a larger number of people for optimum customer turnout. The Apple Inc. and its market orientation. Market orientation for any company is "very important in the business venture" (Joseph Mehta, 2015, pp.76-84). The latter has implications on the company's profit or loss performance in its operations. The profitability index of a given company is a subject of its customers and their loyalty to buy from the company in question. A good customer base and loyalty to a given company is a subject of the company's culture orientation and the nature of the target market. There are three major market orientations which include; customer orientation, competitor orientation and the interfunctional coordination. The Apple Inc. company manufactures electronics, and it's one of the "most successful company in this venture" (Matsuno Mentzer, 2015, pp. 49-55). The Apple Inc. company is market orientated in that it does extensive market research to establish the type of product the customers prefer and hence manufacture it. The company's global targets and the wide customer base give their feedback on the specification they prefer on their phones. This company is customer oriented in its nature of doing business. The Apple Inc. customer orientation is evident from its venture into the electronics manufacture in 1976 when it produced its first product; the Apple 1. Through market research, the company had spotted a gap in technological demand in the market and therefore venture into the business. From then, the company has grown to a technological giant worth "billions of dollars in the stock exchange markets" (Patel et al., 2016, pp.650-660). Demand for the Apple's products has been high for quite some years because the company keeps track of its customers regarding consumer behavior and release products to the market based on the tends in customer demands. Moreover, the Apple Inc. key driver to its success is the "customer satisfaction" (Patel et al., 2016, pp.650-660). A customer oriented business organization aims at satisfying the customer first. The company manufactures a fairly wide range of products for customers which include; iPhone, iPads, Macintosh Computers, iPod among other consumer products. The company makes sure its customers are satisfied by keeping the production trend on the move characterized by innovation. The company produces advanced models of the existing brands yearly and therefore quench the demand for new and improved devices in functionality. Competitor orientation. The Apple Inc. is competitor-oriented in its operation to maintain its customers and "profitability in the competitive market" (Bendle Vandenbosch, 2014, pp.781-795). The main competitor to the Apple Inc. is Samsung Electronics Company. The Apple Inc. has maintained a competitive advantage other this giant competitor by maintained technological advancements and innovation in the manufacture of new electronic gadgets as stated by Lewrick et al. (2015). Innovativeness is key to competition for customers; customers always buy the good whose price is best at that given quality. The Apple Inc. company, under the leadership of Tim Cook, is organized in a way that it can respond to market changes within a "short time and effectively" (Patel et al., 2016, pp.650-660). Moreover, the company is administered into different operational units specialized in the manufacture of specified gadgets. The latter is key to effective business organization and productivity. Interfunctional coordination has enabled the Apple Inc. to manufacture the required electronics within the shortest time possible and therefore meet the customer demands. Recommendations for a "more market-oriented" Apple Inc. The Apple Inc. has a large customer base compared to most of its competitors, however, for continued success, it needs to be more market-oriented business operations. The Apple Inc. is not product oriented because it doesn't put much emphasis on the cost of the final product upon manufacture. The Apple Inc. company's products are presumed expensive, and therefore the company misses out in the middle-class customers as they cannot afford the Apple's products. The number of middle-class earners who would have bought Apple's products are many but, unfortunately, the company doesn't manufacture middle range gadgets. It's recommendable for the Apple Inc. to start manufacturing middle range price gadgets and tame the millions of people who live to admire the Apple's magnificent craftsmanship but cannot afford. The latter is a double-edged sword as; apart from attracting the middle-class earners, it will be a competitor oriented strategy against the Apple's competitor like Samsung, which does produce the middle ranger gadgets. Conclusion Conclusively, marketing strategy is the key drive to winning the customers trust on a product. An effective marketing strategy must capture the main elements of a strategic market plan in its formulation which include market research and identification of the target market among others. The business organization management is bestowed with the ultimate responsibility of formulation of impactful marketing strategy for the business organization. Moreover, the market orientation is critical to the success of business in its operations. Customer orientation, competitor orientation, and Interfunctional coordination are of important consideration in a business venture. Keen observation of the latter is a fruitful technique of business entry and sustainability in the competitive environment. References Asomaning, R. and Abdulai, A., 2015. An Empirical Evidence of the Market OrientationMarket Performance Relationship in Ghanaian Small Businesses. Educational Research International, 4(2), pp.69-86. Baker, M.J., 2014. Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Bendle, N. and Vandenbosch, M., 2014. Competitor orientation and the evolution of business markets. Marketing Science, 33(6), pp.781-795. Feng, H., Morgan, N.A. and Rego, L.L., 2015. Marketing department power and firm performance. Journal of Marketing, 79(5), pp.1-20. Ferrell, O.C. and Hartline, M., 2012. Marketing strategy, text and cases. Nelson Education. Gummesson, E., Kuusela, H. and Nrvnen, E., 2014. Reinventing marketing strategy by recasting supplier/customer roles. Journal of Service Management, 25(2), pp.228-240. Joseph, D. and Mehta, B., 2015. Market orientation and internal marketing. International Journal in Management Social Science, 3(3), pp.76-84. Lengler, J.F., Sousa, C.M. and Marques, C., 2013. Exploring the linear and quadratic effects of customer and competitor orientation on export performance. International Marketing Review, 30(5), pp.440-468. Lewrick, M., Williams, R., Maktoba, O., Tjandra, N. and Lee, Z.C., 2015. Radical and incremental innovation effectiveness in relation to market orientation in the retail industry: triggers, drivers, and supporters. Successful Technological Integration for Competitve Advantage in Retail Settings, IGI Global, pp.239-268. Matsuno, K. and Mentzer, J.T., 2015. Market orientation: Reconciliation of two conceptualizations. In Proceedings of the 1995 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 49-55). Springer International Publishing. Ozkaya, H.E., Hult, G.T.M., Calantone, R. and Droge, C., 2015. Antecedents and Consequences of Marketing and Innovation Competence: Does Orientation Matter?. In Ideas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old (pp. 447-456). Springer International Publishing. Patel, V.K., Manley, S.C., Hair, J.F., Ferrell, O.C. and Pieper, T.M., 2016. Is stakeholder orientation relevant for European firms?. European Management Journal, 34(6), pp.650-660. Rachet, B., 2014. Swot Analysis of Apple Inc. Docs. school Publications. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015. Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Wei, Y.S., Samiee, S. and Lee, R.P., 2014. The influence of organic organizational cultures, market responsiveness, and product strategy on firm performance in an emerging market. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 42(1), pp.49-70. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015. Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press.

Research Paper on Chinese Immigration to Canada Essay Example Essay Example

Research Paper on Chinese Immigration to Canada Essay Example Paper Research on Chinese Immigration to Canada Essay Introduction Centuries ago leaving China to go overseas was a great crime because only the enemy and deliberate criminal of the nation would choose to abandon and move away from the greatest civilization on Earth. (1) In 18th century there was even a law proclaimed by the emperor stating that a person who went abroad had to come home in order to be publicly beheaded. Leaving China was also regarded as un-Confucian. Sons were meant to stay in the home village, to keep the ancestral graves clean and the clan’s lineage unbroken. (1) But no matter how problematic it was to leave China, Chinese people for many centuries, have been emigrating and creating distinctively Chinese communities outside their Mainland China, even as they adjust to the laws and acculturate to the foreign cultures and in which they put down roots. The Chinese community in Canada has a very old and reach history, the first Chinese baby boy who was a real Canadian was born in 1861. (2) The first appearances of Chinese in C anada can be dated to 1788, when Chinese shipwrights were employed at Nootka Sound to built the first European-type vessel in the Pacific Northwest, that was afterwards named North West America. However, Chinese people first appeared in large numbers in the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1849 as part of the huge â€Å"Gold Rush swept†. A decade later, â€Å"California’s gold veins were drying up as fast as anti-Oriental feeling was growing.† When the word of a golden strike filtered down in the Fraser River Valley in 1858, Chinese prospectors were among those who spread the rumor north. Unlike the California goldfields, where Chinese were persecuted and humiliated, the Chinese in British Columbia were protected by edict of Governor James Douglas, who proclaimed that the Chinese had the same rights as all others, including â€Å"First Nations peoples†, to work and reside in the country (colony). Even though Chinese workers were officially protected by the B ritish law they still had to face persecutions and humiliations, because all kinds of conflicts were continually appearing between them and the white people One such conflict even turned into the Rock Creek War in the Kettle River valley. (3) Research on Chinese Immigration to Canada Essay Body Paragraphs The workers from China were the main labor force in bulidng the Canadian Pacific Railway that was constructed by Andrew Onderdonk in 1880. Decding to join the confereation in 1871 British Columbia stated one of condtiones to be that the â€Å"Dominion government build a railway linking B.C. with eastern Canada within 10 years.† As the governemtn of Canada wanted to cut back the spdenings, it chose to hire the immigratns from China to buil the railway. However, after the building of Canadian Pacific railroad was finished in 1885, Canada had no need in the Chinese labor force anymore. As a result, the Chinese Immigration Act was passed that was putting a â€Å"Head Tax† of $50 on any Chinese immigrant coming to Canada. After the 1885 legislation failed to deter Chinese immigration to Canada, the government of Canada passed The Chinese Immigration Act, 1900 to increase the tax to $100, and The Chinese Immigration Act, 1904 furthered increased the landing fees to $500 (equi valent to $8000 in 2003 – as compared to the Right of Landing Fee, or Right of Permanent Residence Fee, of merely $975 per person paid by new immigrants in 1995-2005, and further reduced to $490 in 2006.)(3) The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, that is better known as the Chinese Exclusion Act, replaced prohibitive fees with an outright ban on Chinese immigration to Canada with the exceptions of merchants, diplomats, students, and â€Å"special circumstances† cases. (3) During the Great Depression, life was even tougher for the Chinese than it was for other Canadians, for example they received much less relief payments than other Canadians. And as any additional immigration was prohibited by the Chinese Exclusion Act Chinese men had to deal with the hardships of life alone being far away from their wives and children. Census data from 1931 shows that there were 1240 men to every 100 women in Chinese-Canadian communities. To protest The Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese-Cana dians closed their businesses and boycotted Dominion Day celebrations every July 1st, which became known as â€Å"Humiliation Day† by the Chinese-Canadians. (6) During the Second World War than 500 Chinese Canadian men served in the Canadian Army. However, only in 1947 Chinese Canadians gained the right to vote in federal elections. In 1959 the boarders of Canada got opened for the wives and children of the men who were at that time working in Canada and that contributed greatly to the developing of the Chinese community. Chinese Indonesian s first arrived in Canada in 1960s during anti-Chinese riots in Indonesia. From 1970s – 1999, many more Chinese Indonesians settled in Canada. After the American intervention in Vietnam a lot of Chinese people from Vietnam, Laos, and Kampuchea came to Canada as refugees. Early Chinese Canadians have close relationships with them as a result of their Chinese heritage because they lived mostly in Quebec. There were also Chinese people coming form Latin America, nowadays they are mostly settled in Victoria, Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal. But the was fled from the Somoza that was ruled by a dictator and was effected by the earthquake in 1980’s. As most countries that are experiencing a huge flow of immigration it took Canada quite a long time to lift the restrictions against the Chinese-Canadians and grant them full rights and powers of Canadian citizens. After the end of WWII Canada signed the United Nations Charter of Human Rights. The Canadian government had to immediately cancel the Chinese Exclusion Act, which was undemocratic and inappropriate for the UN. As stated before, in that same year, 1947, Chinese-Canadians were finally granted the right to vote in federal elections. But only after a pass of 20 years the points system for selecting immigrants was adopted and the Chinese began to be admitted under the same criteria as any other applicants. (3) The years 1978 and 1985 were the years of great change in the immigrant laws that promoted the arrival of wealthy entrepreneurs from Hong Kong and Taiwan. â€Å"They had to show a net worth of at least $500,000 and investment in a Canadian business venture of at least $250,000.† The changes were introduced just as Hong Kong money was growing twitchy about the approach of the colony’s July 1997 handover to China. (1) After many years of organized calls for an official Canadian government public apology and redress to the historic Head tax, the minority Conservative government of Stephen Harper announced as part of their pre-election campaign, an official apology. â€Å"On Thursday, June 22, 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivered a message of redress in the House of Commons, calling it a â€Å"grave injustice†.† A number of well-educated Chinese arrived to Canada as refugees in search of rescue. Since the mid-20th century, most new Chinese Canadians come from university-educated families, one of w hose most essential values is still quality education. These newcomers are a major part of the â€Å"Brain gain† the inverse of the infamous â€Å"Brain drain†, i.e., Canadians leaving to the United States of America, which Chinese have also been a part of. (3) However, the majority of the Chinese who came to Canada from the mid-19th century, up to the 1960s, were from Guangdong province where the dialect was spoken. When the Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed after the Second World War, the wives and children of these early immigrants were allowed to come to join their husbands and fathers. Many of this group were from peasant backgrounds, they were the Lao Huaqiao. Many of them ran businesses and later their children inherited them and continued and family cases. In Canada if you don’t speak English or French it is most likely that you speak Chinese that is shown by the latest survey conducted by the Canadian government. Chinese has become and number 3 languag e in Canada and the amount of people using it is growing rapidly. According to Nouvelles d’Europe from 1996 to 2001, the population whose mother tongue is Chinese grew 18 percent and reached 870,000 – about 2.9 percent out of 31.4 million of the population in Canada, a rise 0.3 percent over the original Chinese proportion of 2.6 percent. (4) Canada is a country of diversity. In addition to Aboriginal people and the founding British and French groups, there are a wide variety of ethnic groups represented in the Canadian population, including large numbers of German, Italian, Dutch, Ukrainian, Chinese, Black, and Indo-Pakistani people, among others (Kelly, 1995; Renaud Badets, 1993). Around 10% of the adult population of Canada is minorities, and the figure is expected to rise in the future (Kelly, 1995). Such studies and researches contribute toward understanding and â€Å"promoting positive relations† among the varied ethnic groups from different geographical a nd cultural backgrounds who are now calling themselves Canadian. (6) In 1990s more than half of the immigrants who came to the country with a business related purpose were from Hong Kong or Taiwan. In recent decades, however, most new Chinese Canadians have actually been middle-class rather than super-rich. Indeed, in the past 50 years, more than half the Chinese who have immigrated to Canada have been in white-collar occupations. They have tended to settle on the outskirts of big cities, mostly Toronto and Vancouver. The last national survey had shown that the Chinese population is around 920,000 right now and keeps on growing. The appearance of Chinese Diaspora was one of the great events in the modern Canadian history, and the story of its sojourners and migrant workers was one of â€Å"pain, courage, and enterprise†. Immigration is a very important aspect in the development of the country because it brings diversity, and Canada is the best example of this. Because highly educated and upwardly mobile, the recent arrivals have transformed and will keep transforming the Canadian society. Work Cited We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Chinese Immigration to Canada Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Chinese Immigration to Canada Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Chinese Immigration to Canada Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Profile of Gangster John Dapper Don Gotti

Profile of Gangster John 'Dapper Don' Gotti The following is a profile of John Gotti, the former godfather of the powerful Gambino family. Born: October 27, 1940, in Bronx, New York Childhood Years At the age of 12, his family moved to a rough part of Brooklyn, New York.Gotti dropped out of school in the eighth grade and began his full-time involvement in street gangs and petty crimes. 1960 - 1969 In his mid-twenties, he became associated with the Gambino Family and became close to Underboss Aniello Dellacroce. Gottis specialty at that time was hijacking freight trucks at Kennedy Airport.On March 6, 1962, Gotti married Victoria DiGiorgio, by whom he had five children: Angela (born 1961), Victoria, John, Frank and Peter.In 1969, he was sentenced to three years in prison for hijacking. 1970 - 1979 In 1973, he participated in the killing of James McBratney. McBratney was one of three kidnappers and murderers of Manny Gambino, nephew to Carlo Gambino.John Gotti was convicted of the murder and sentenced to seven years in prison, two of which he served before being released.Once out of prison, Gotti moved quickly up the ranks, for his part in the McBratney murder. During that same time, dying Carlo Gambino appointed Paul Castellano as his successor.Now a capo, Gottis loyalty laid with his mentor, Neil Dellacroce, and it was well known the Gotti felt Gambino should have appointed Dellacroce as his successor and not Castellano.Around 1978, Gotti was named a capo and continued to work in top ranks under Dellacroce. 1980 - 1989 Personal disaster struck the Gotti home. John Favara, a friend and neighbor, ran over and killed Gottis 12-year old son, Frank. The incident was deemed an accident. Four months later, Favara vanished, never to be seen again.In February 1985, Castellano and five Family bosses were indicted in the Commission Case. Castellano was also was faced with the news that his mansion was wiretapped and conversations were overheard which resulted in some of Gottis crew getting indicted for narcotic trafficking.During that same time, Castellano gave Thomas Bilotti the capo position, which put him and Gotti on the same level. It was said that once Dellacroce died, Bilotti would be named Underboss, putting him in the position of Godfather in the event Castellano went to prison.Faced with the prospect of life in prison, many worried Castellano might turn coat.In December 1985, Dellacroce died of cancer. Two weeks later Castellano and Bilotti were shot to death in Manhattan. Gotti Becomes Godfather of the Gambino Family With Castellano, Bilotti and Dellacroce all gone, Gotti took control of the largest Mafia family in the nation, setting up his headquarters at the Ravenite Social Club.In 1986, Gotti was charged with racketeering but managed to elude prosecution.Over the next few years, Gotti became a media hound. He paraded in his expensive suits and coats for the media, who always seemed to be there ready to take his picture.The press nicknamed him Dapper Don because of his charismatic charm and good looks, and Teflon Don because charges against him never seemed to stick.Gotti demanded that the Family capos and soldiers come to the Ravenite to show their respect to him. This compromised many of them by exposing them to television coverage, a fact that late came back to haunt some of them. Gottis Downfall Begins After bugging the Ravenite Social Club, the FBI eventually managed to get an RICO (Racketeer-Influenced Corrupt Organization Act of 1970)Â  case against him because of over 100 hours of tape that implicated him and others in racketeering schemes.Underboss, Sammy the Bull Gravano, after hearing Gotti saying derogatory things about him, turned coat and partnered with the government to testify against Gotti.Gravano confessed to 19 murders but received complete immunity for his testimony against John Gotti. His nickname Sammy the Bull then changed to Sammy the Rat. Gravano was given only a five-year sentence and then entered the Witness Protection Program.Gotti and several associates were arrested in 1990. Gotti was convicted by a jury in the United States District Court in New York on April 2, 1992, for 14 counts of murder, conspiracy to commit murder, loan sharking, racketeering, obstruction of justice, illegal gambling, and tax evasion. John Gotti Jr. was acting boss for Gotti while he was in prison. Gottis Prison Years His time in prison was not easy. He was sent to an older federal penitentiary at Marion, Illinois, where he was kept in a solitary-confinement cell 23 hours a day for nine years.June 10, 2002, after battling cancer for several years, John Gotti died at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri.A large funeral was held in New York City, where many members of the Gambino Crime Family came to pay their final respects to their fallen leader. The Aftermath It is said that John Gotti, Jr. is now the head of the Gambino Crime Family.

Prison Life and Strategies to Decrease Recidivism Research Paper

Prison Life and Strategies to Decrease Recidivism - Research Paper Example One of the concerns that a person encounters upon entering prison is the lack of freedom to seek the health care provider one desires. The condition inside prison cells, such as congested spaces, limited movement, the mixture of cultures, etc. might have a toll upon the mental and physical health of an inmate. Thus, adequate health service must be provided inside the prison so that the health of the prisoner can be adequately managed. The Bureau of Prisons provides four levels of medical care to which inmates are assigned by the Designation and Sentence Computation Center (DSCC) based on the information gathered from the investigation report. Upon arrival at the facility, the provisional care for the inmate is reviewed by the prison clinicians. Non-provisional care is assigned depending on the needs of the inmate, which takes into consideration the ability to function without assistance from another (Ellis, 2008). Provision of medical care to inmates also varies depending sentence or status of the case. Thus, inmates whose sentence has not been read, those with the sentence below 12 months, or pre-trial inmates are not eligible to â€Å"medically appropriate-not always necessary† health service, â€Å"limited medical value,† as well as â€Å"extraordinary† service. Some categories of illnesses such as cancer, HIV, diabetes, etc. may also determine the type of care that may be given to the inmate.The medical services provided by the Bureau are determined by the following levels of medical intervention.

Alternatives to both criminal and civil court actions in Scotland Essay

Alternatives to both criminal and civil court actions in Scotland - Essay Example Look at the Asylum and the Immigration laws; both are applicable in the whole territory of England (Miller, Richard & Sarat 1980, p. 531). The Employment Tribunals in England have the same jurisdiction as the other courts. Such tribunals are functional within the territory of Northern Ireland. In addition, Military Courts are operating as independent courts in the United Kingdom to deal with the issues of military offences. In Scotland, the Supreme Court is restricted to hear civil cases, appeals of Scottish cases and to determine the violation of human rights (Newburn 2007, p. 159). Courts and the Legal System of Scotland In every democratic state, modern legal framework reflects the confidence of its citizens, which protects them from unfair treatment of State, business entities and people in all fields of life (Miller, Richard & Sarat 1980, p. 534). The legal system of Scotland is based upon its strong traditional values and fairness. With the passage of time, the norms of society have changed radically over the last two decades. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to introduce modern legal institutions, which have the capability and the capacity to deliver in line with the requirement of modern legal framework of justice besides retaining its traditional values (Galanter & Cahill 1994, p. 1339). ... Initially, the procurator conducts preliminary investigations about the issues highlighted in criminal cases and obtains written statements of the witnesses as important ingredients for the prosecution. The procurator may seek assistance of the police to complete investigation where need arises. However, in murder cases, the police officers complete the investigation without involving procurator (Galanter 1985, p. 16). According to High Court procedure, once a person is found guilty of an offence and remanded in custody, he becomes the responsibility of the Crown to bring the case of accused for a preliminary hearing within the specified time. Under the mentioned set up, defendant and petitioner have no right to take a decision on whether to try him by jury or on the summary of procurator. The Criminal Justice Act 1987 delegated power to procurator to offer determinable penalties instead of prosecution. Initially, the maximum amount of penalty was GBP 25, which later on increased to GBP 300 in phases (Bottomley & Bronitt 2012, p. 183). The curator can issue warning, impose penalties, award compensation to the aggrieved party, provide counselling to psychological patients and give them treatment according to the advice of psychiatrist. A fiscal procurator is a part of Court of Lord Lyon. The court in question hears the cases of criminal and civil law. The cited Court is unique in terms of Scottish culture. The court under reference plays a pivotal role regarding to the clan system. If any of the rules related to coat of arms are not adhered, the procurator as an independent official of the court may decide to initiate criminal proceedings against the defaulter (Galanter & Cahill 1994, p. 1345). Judicial

Seminar Option 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seminar Option 2 - Essay Example include the Fitness-Instructor Certification, Personal Fitness Certification and Fitness-Trainer Certification (Schenck & American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2009). Examinations for different certification depend on some factors that must be met. For instance, the organization requires a 4-year college degree. However, for some certifications, this is not usually necessary. NASM and Ace offer some of the easiest certifications that would administer clients without the college degree. The most needed requirement is the possession of skills and the show of mastery in the covered material. Finally, there are monetary costs to be incurred in any certification program. When an individual seeks to attain the Personal Fitness Certification, she or he is shaped to work with the end consumers of the fitness products or exercises directly. They involve in training personal clients. On the other side, Fitness-Instructor certification exams prepare on to work as an instructor, which could be to a class or a team in the matters of fitness. Fitness-Trainer Certification prepares the partaker to work as a trainer of professionals who later attend to end consumers. Circuit training is a resistance training or body conditioning that lakes use of high intensity aerobics. It entails strength building through muscular endurance. One embarks on the next circuit once the first circuit is complete. HIIT, which is the abbreviated High Intensity Interval Training. It is a cardiovascular exercise and its sessions range from 4 to 30 minutes (Schenck & American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,

Comparison of Perfect and Imperfect Competition

Comparison of Perfect and Imperfect Competition INTRODUCTION The Father of Economics Adam Smith in his book â€Å" The Theory of Moral Sentiments†, wrote about the main characteristics of human beings. According to him a human being is very selfish or possesses self-love as well as there exists an invisible hand. The concept of self- love in human being is one of the most important factor in â€Å" the value theory† as well as in the development of market. [1] Generally a human being carries out economic activities till a point where he thinks that what I am paying is equal to what I am receiving, Human being willingly trade or carry out exchange till he feels that what I am giving is less and what I am receiving is more, once he realises that what I am giving is equal to what I am receiving, he will stop further trade. This is one of the most important philosophy of consumers and producers. Both the concept is based on selfish motives of maximising returns in terms of their efforts that is money. Since an economy consists of various economic agents with diverse interests, allocating resources optimally becomes an intricate task. Economic planners have two mutually opposing means to solve this allocation problem: planning versus competition. Which avenue will be adopted by the planners depends crucially on their value judgments. WHAT IS A MARKET? â€Å"Originally† says Jevons, : a market was a public place in a town where provisions and other objects were exposed for sale; but the world has been generalised so as to mean any body of persons who are in intimate business relations and carry on extensive transactions in any commodity. In the words of Cournot, a French economist, â€Å"Economics understand by the term market not any particular market placec in which things are bought and sold but the whole of any region in which buyers and sellers are in such free intercourse with one another that the price of the same goods tends to equality easily and quickly.† Thus, the essentials of market are: A commodity which is dealt with. The existence of buyers and sellers A place, be it certain region, country or entire world. Such intercourse between buyers and sellers that only one price should prevail for the same commodity at the same time. PERFECT COMPETITION Perfect competition is a theoretical market structure. Perfect competition is the world of price-takers. A perfectly competitive firm sells a homogenous product. It is so small relative to its market that it cannot affect the market price; it simply takes the price as give. Under perfect competition, there are many buyers and sellers, and prices reflect supply and demand. Also, consumers have many substitutes if the good or service they wish to buy becomes too expensive or its quality begins to fall short. New firms can easily enter the market, generating additional competition. Companies earn just enough profit to stay in business and no more, because if they were to earn excess profits, other companies would enter the market and drive profits back down to the bare minimum. Real-world competition differs from the textbook model of perfect competition in many ways. Real companies try to make their products different from those of their competitors. They advertise to try to gain market share. They cut prices to try to take customers away from other firms. They raise prices in the hope of increasing profits. And some firms are large enough to affect market prices. But the perfect competition model is not an ideal that we should try to achieve in the real world. Features of Perfect Competition There are many small firms, each producing an identical product . Each too small to effect the market price. The perfect competitior faces a completely horizontal demand curve. The extra revenue gained from each extra unit sold is therefore the market price. Freedom of Entry and Exit; this will require low sunk costs.[2] Diagram for Perfect Competition These factors are unrealistic in the real world. However Perfect Competition is as important economic model to compare other models. It is often argued that competitive markets have many benefits which stem from this theoretical model. In the Industry price is determined by the interaction of Supply and Demand. The firm will maximise output where MR = MC at Q1 In the Long Run Firms will make Normal profits. If Supernormal profits are made new firms will be attracted into the industry causing prices to fall. If firms are making a loss then firms will leave the industry causing price to rise.[3] Assumptions behind a Perfectly Competitive Market Many suppliers each with an insignificant share of the market – this means that each firm is too small relative to the overall market to affect price via a change in its own supply – each individual firm is assumed to be a price taker An identical output produced by each firm – in other words, the market supplies homogeneous or standardised products that are perfect substitutes for each other. Consumers perceive the products to be identical Consumers have perfect information about the prices all sellers in the market charge – so if some firms decide to charge a price higher than the ruling market price, there will be a large substitution effect away from this firm All firms (industry participants and new entrants) are assumed to have equal access to resources (technology, other factor inputs) and improvements in production technologies achieved by one firm can spill-over to all the other suppliers in the market. [4] IMPERFECT COMPETITION Imperfect competition is a competitive market situation where there are many sellers, but they are selling heterogeneous (dissimilar) goods as opposed to the perfect competitive market scenario. As the name suggests, competitive markets that are imperfect in nature. Imperfect competition is the real world competition. Today some of the industries and sellers follow it to earn surplus profits. In this market scenario, the seller enjoys the luxury of influencing the price in order to earn more profits. It prevails in an industry whenever individual sellers have some measure of control over the price of their output. Take the example of Coco-cola and perpsi together have the majpr share of the market, and imperfect competition clearly prevails. If a seller is selling a non-identical good in the market, then he can raise the prices and earn profits. High profits attract other sellers to enter the market and sellers, who are incurring losses, can very easily exit the market. The major types of imperfect competition are: monopoly, oligopoly and monopolistic competition. Monopolistic Competition: This market structure is characterized by a large number of relatively small competitors, each with a modest degree of market controlon the supply side. A key feature of monopolistic competition is product differentiation. The output of each producer is a close but not identical substitute to that of every other firm, which helps satisfy diverse consumer wants and needs. Oligopoly: This market structure is characterized by a small number of relatively large competitors, each with substantial market control. Oligopoly sellers exhibit interdependent decision making which can lead to intense competition among the few and the motivation to cooperate through mergers and collisions. Monopoly: Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic  competition  to produce the  good  or  service  and a lack of viablesubstitute goods. Monopoly is an enterprise that is the only seller of a good or service. In the absence of government intervention, a monopoly is free to set any price it chooses and will usually set the price that yields the largest possible profit. Just being a monopoly need not make an enterprise more profitable than other enterprises that face competition, the market may be so small that it barely supports one enterprise. But if the monopoly is in fact more profitable than competitive enterprises, economists expect that other entrepreneurs will enter the business to capture some of the higher returns. If enough rivals enter, their competition will drive prices down and eliminate monopoly power. COMPARISION OF VARIOUS MARKETS A distinction has been made between perfect and imperfect competition. â€Å" A market is said to be perfect when all the potential sellers and buyers are promptly aware of the prices at which transactions take place and all the offers made by other sellers and buyers, and when any buyer can purchase from any seller. Same price same commodity same times is essential characteristic of perfect market. [5] On the other hand, a market is imperfect when some buyers or sellers or both are not aware of the prices made by others. Different prices come to prevail for the same commodity at the same time in an imperfect market. STRUCTURE NO.OF PRODUCERS AND DEGREE OF PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PART OF ECONOMY WHERE IT’S PREVALENT FIRM’S DEGREE OF CONTROL METHODS PF MARKETING Perfect Competition Many products; identical products. Financial markets and agricultural products None Market exchange or auction. Imperfect Competition Monopolistic Competition Many producers; many real differences in products. Retail trade like pizzas, beer. Some Advertising and quality rivalry administered prices. Oligopoly Few producers; little or no difference in product. Steel, chemicals some Advertising and quality rivalry administered prices. Monopoly Single producer; product without close substitutes. Franchise monopolies like electricity, water,drugs considerable Advertising COMPARISION ON BASIS OF DEMAND In economics, basically  demand  is the utility for a good or service of an economic agent, relative to his income. Demand is a buyers willingness and ability to pay a price for a specific quantity of a good or service.   Ã‚   Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers at various prices. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand. The term demand signifies the ability or the willingness to buy a particular commodity at a given point of time. In the above diagram, PART A reflects that the perfect competitor faces a horizontal demand curve, indicating that it can sell all it wants at the going market price. The price elasticity is perfectly elastic. When there is pure competition, since the number of firms is large, no individual has power to influence the market price. Also, since the products are identical from the consumer’s point of view, the price paid by them can’t be different. OX and OY are two axes. Along OX is the output and the OY is the price/revenue. At OP price a seller can sell as much as he likes. He cannot charge more and not charge less because then he’ll lose all his customers. PART B says that an imperfect competition, in contrast, faces a downward sloping demand curve. Meaning that if an imperfect competitive firm increases its sales, it will definitely depress the market price of its output as it moves down its dd curve. The price elasticity is finite elastic. [6] COMPARISON  ON BASIS OF SUPPLY Competitive firm has direct implications for the market supply curve and the law of supply. The primary conclusion is that a perfectly competitive firms short-run supply curve is that segment of its marginal cost curve that lies above the average variable costcurve. A perfectly competitive firm produces the quantity of output that equates marginal revenue, which is equal to price, and marginal cost, as long as price exceeds average variable cost. The profit-maximizing choices of output at alternative prices generate the perfectly competitive firms short-run supply curve. Consider three key points: A profit-maximizing firm produces the quantity of output that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost (MR = MC). A perfectly competitive firm is characterized by the equality between price and marginal revenue (P = MR). The law of diminishing marginal returns gives the marginal cost curve a positive slope. Combining all three points means that a profit-maximizing perfectly competitive firm produces the quantity of output that equates price and marginal cost (P = MC). An increase in the price, moves the profit-maximizing quantity to a higher point on the positively-sloped marginal cost curve, and a larger production quantity. A decrease in the price, moves the profit-maximizing quantity to a lower point on the positively-sloped marginal cost curve, and a smaller production quantity. REAL WORLD SCENARIO In the post independence era, India adopted highly restrictive industrial policy. India’s industrial licensing policy created entry barriers for private enterprises in sectors earmarked for them and hence didn’t promote ‘perfect competition’. Indian planners who believed in the doctrine of ‘infant industry argument’ provided necessary protection to domestic manufactures from foreign competition by way of tariff barriers. During this regulated regime, however, India’s industrial growth rate was not promising. In India, under Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), industrial licensing policy was abolished and tariff and quantity restrictions on imports were also dispensed with. Thus the New Economic Policy made an effort to promote a competitive market system in India. As a result India’s industrial sector started showing some signs of improvement in terms of growth.[7] In the real world, situations like perfect market exists for markets for most of unbranded staple goods such as food grain and vegetables. However it should be noted that there is a trend of branding more and more of such goods also, and in this ways making their markets become more and more like oligopolistic markets. In a monopoly like in Saudi Arabia the government has sole control over the oil industry. A monopoly may also form when a company has a copyright or patent that prevents others from entering the market. Pfizer, for instance, had a patent on Viagra. In an oligopoly, assume, for example, that an economy needs only 100 widgets. Company X produces 50 widgets and its competitor, Company Y, produces the other 50. The prices of the two brands will be interdependent and, therefore, similar. So, if Company X starts selling the widgets at a lower price, it will get a greater market share, thereby forcing Company Y to lower its prices as well. There are two extreme forms of market structure: monopoly and, its opposite, perfect competition. Perfect competition is characterized by many buyers and sellers, many products that are similar in nature and, as a result, many substitutes. Perfect competition means there are few, if any, barriers to entry for new companies, and prices are determined by su pply and demand. Thus, producers in a perfectly competitive market are subject to the prices determined by the market and do not have any leverage. For example, in a perfectly competitive market, should a single firm decide to increase its selling price of a good, the consumers can just turn to the nearest competitor for a better price, causing any firm that increases its prices to lose market share and profits. CRITICISMS OF PERFECT COMPETITION The use of the assumption of perfect competition as the foundation ofprice theoryfor product markets is often criticized as representing all agents as passive, thus removing the active attempts to increase ones welfare or profits by price undercutting, product design, advertising, innovation, activities that the critics argue – characterize most industries and markets. These criticisms point to the frequent lack of realism of the assumptions ofproduct homogenity and impossibility to differentiate it, but apart from this the accusation of passivity appears correct only for short-period or very-short-period analyses, in long-period analyses the inability of price to diverge from the natural or long-period price is due to active reactions of entry or exit. Some economists have a different kind of criticism concerning perfect competition model. They are not criticizing theprice taker assumption because it makes economic agents too passive, but because it then raises the question of who sets the prices. Indeed, if everyone is price taker, there is the need for a benevolent planner who gives and sets the prices, in other word, there is a need for a price maker. Therefore, it makes the perfect competition model appropriate not to describe a decentralize market economy but a centralized one. This in turn means that such kind of model has more to do with communism than capitalism. Another frequent criticism is that it is often not true that in the short run differences between supply and demand cause changes in price; especially in manufacturing, the more common behaviour is alteration of production without nearly any alteration of price. CONCLUSION In this industrial and competitive world not everyone has a chance to excel. Sometimes there is boom period in the economy when the firm’s income flourishes while at other times there can be a depression which will create losses for the firm. It is thus a firm’s ability to manage its resources carefully and feasibly. Why do consumers spend their income on new brands? A classical reference may be in order: â€Å"The love of novelty manifests itself equally in those who are well off and in those who are not. For . . . men get tired of prosperity, just as they are afflicted by the reverse. . . . This love of change . . . opens the way to everyone who takes the lead in any innovation in any country.† Thus, in an economy there will be different types of market and each market will have its own pros and cons it just depends on the various innovations they undertake to attract more consumers. Both perfect and imperfect competitions excel in their fields. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: Nordhaus, Samuelson. (2008) Economics. Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Dewett, K.K., Nevalur, M.H., Modern Economic Theory, S. Chand, New Delhi, 2010. WEBSITES: http://www.economicshelp.org/microessays/markets/perfect-competition/ http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/competition/competition.htm http://www.economicshelp.org/microessays/markets/perfect-competition/ http://www.cci.gov.in/May2011/Advocacy/essay2012/jyoti.pdf [1] Dewett, K.K., Nevalur, M.H., Modern Economic Theory, S. Chand, New Delhi, 2010. [2] http://www.economicshelp.org/microessays/markets/perfect-competition/ [3] http://www.economicshelp.org/microessays/markets/perfect-competition/ [4] http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/competition/competition.htm [5] Dewett, K.K., Nevalur, M.H., Modern Economic Theory, S. Chand, New Delhi, 2010. [6] Nordhaus, Samuelson. (2008) Economics. Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. [7] The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) was 6.2 percent for April-Dec, 1999.

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary): The True Story Essay -- Mary Tudor, Bloody M

â€Å"She was a king’s daughter, she was a king’s sister, she was a king’s wife, she was a queen, and by the same title a king also† # Mary Tudor was an influential women of her time period. Many in modern society know her for her particularly bad reputation as Bloody Mary, however they do not realize the contributions she made, or her influence on history . The story behind Mary’s reputation gives insight as to her true accomplishments as England’s first queen. When Mary Tudor was born on February 18, 1516, she was the only child that King Henry VIII and his wife Catherine of Aragon had successfully conceived together. She was widely celebrated and raised well in the kingdom. She was well-educated and privileged. However, her father wanted a male heir to inherit his throne and Mary’s mother couldn’t produce an heir. King Henry tried to divorce Katherine, but the Catholic church was not granting his request due to their relation to the queen. He went to a Protestant church and received the divorce he wanted from Mary’s mother in 1533. This divorce caused Mary to hate the Protestant religion, she did not even accept the fact her parents were divorced. Mary’s father got remarried to a women named Anne Boleyn and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Anne also became pregnant and had a baby girl named Elizabeth that Mary had to take care of. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy was passed, and Mary was no longer considered an heir to the throne. However two years later Mary’s father had married a new wife named Jane Seymore. Jane wanted King Henry VIII to reunite with his children. Mary did reconcile with her father and was chosen to be the godmother of Jane’s newborn son Edward. This reconciliation with her father put her next in ... ...ary was a Queen that ruled with an intellect many did not believe women were capable of. She worked hard and kept the throne and reached her goal of starting to restore the Catholic faith. Though Mary had a tragic life she was a great Queen who kept her country in mind and worked closely with the government to keep it safe. Without Mary’s reign the English monarchy may be completely different than what it is today. Works Cited Eakins, Lara E. "Mary I." TudorHistory.org. 7 Sept. 2007. Web. 17 Mar. 2011. http://www.tudorhistory.org/mary/. N.A. "Mary Tudor - Bloody Mary." ELIZABETHAN ERA. Web. 17 Mar. 2011. http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/mary-tudor-bloody-mary.htm. Whitelock, Anna. Mary Tudor: Princess, Bastard, Queen. New York: Random House, 2009. Print. "Wyatt's Rebellion." Encyclopedia of World History. New York: Facts On File, 2000. 263. Print.

Absurdity in Beckett’s Endgame

Bucket's â€Å"Endgame† explores an existence in an era when the importance of being Is Incessantly challenged by man's newfound recognition of the universes absurdity and lack of observable meaning, Written In 1957, the context of the world at the time of this works creation sheds much insight on its themes. In a time of continuous social and technological change scientific observations began yielding a more accurate picture of causality for the world and its phenomena; and the concept of god became ever less relevant. The recent world wars had left ruins in not only cities, but in the concepts driving the nature of man.With the Implicit destruction of deities and sets of traditional rules to govern man's behavior, humanity found Itself at a need to define a different purpose to Its existence. Enter existentialism: A belief in existence despite any discernible meaning, existence for its own sake; heralding with it an implied freedom of choice in both perception and action. As with the then contemporary world view, the characters in Bucket's â€Å"Endgame† are left to survive in the wake of a crumbled world. Free to devise their own world view, the characters respond by developing life affirming routines – mistreating that creation persists even In destruction.Destruction, It would seem does not eliminate an object or Idea, but only redefines its form, beginning its existence anew. Rather ironically, the play begins with Cool repeating the world â€Å"finished†. Consequently, this theme of beginnings and endings as interrelated, cyclical, mutually necessary, and conclusively futile comes to prevail over the course of the play. As with the classic case of the chicken and the egg, the cyclical pattern of creation and destruction is eternal In Its supposed nature.However, to the AOL of Inciting drama or motivation, a story must begin with destruction; a motif with which â€Å"Endgame† is rife. The very setting of the play Immedia tely evokes a sense of catastrophe and destruction. The lifeless â€Å"bare interior (Endgame, 50) is coupled with the â€Å"nothing† or â€Å"zero† (Endgame, 51) reported outside by Cool to Imply at the decay of a once lively outside world; while the imagery of the stage as a skull (with the two windows acting as eyes and the characters as the thoughts) denote the destruction within.During this unmentioned catastrophe, the characters saw the end f their entire world and way of life; thus being forced to redefine their views and behaviors. The destruction of their past worlds leads the characters to abandon their old ideals and ways of life. The bastardly He doesn't exist. † exclaimed Ham when his prayer went unanswered; showing that even god had died in the wake of Ham's personal disaster. However, these new circumstances work to effectively create a new world for the characters to inhabit – a world as senseless as the last.Whether It Is the story about the tailor, which coupled the end of a period of walling he beginning of the world, Ham and Clove's killing the flea from which they believe humanity may have been reborn (Endgame, 591 or the numerous references to Christ, whose death (and subsequent rebirth) – destructive and creative motifs in Bucket's â€Å"Endgame† are presented in tandem. Interestingly, the cyclical nature of life and death renders itself generally nonsensical and pointless.Surely, if all is to end to be reborn anew then a personally crafted purpose will ultimately remain as to exemplify this notion of a circular existence, with many motifs of rebirth such as Cool always returning. In their awareness of death (their own destruction), Bucket's characters foster eternally static routines that they hope will distract them from their imminent demise. They go through the â€Å"†¦ This farce, day after day† (Endgame, 54), as Nell puts it, because there is nothing else to do but delay the ine vitable while they wait.To that end, Becket makes use of repetitive language to denote the futility and repetitiveness of the cyclical nature of life. The play systematically notes upon and enunciates the characters minutest movements, and repeats their most casual interests: from Ham's insistence on remaining at the center of the room (Endgame, 57); to how many pauses Ham takes in his speech; to how Nell repeats herself to Nag, as in the case of â€Å"April afternoon† (Endgame, 56) . â€Å"Let's my dream. A world where all would be silent and still, and each thing in its last place, under the last dust. † (Endgame, 66) says Cool, expressing a desire for order.Yet Cloves constant tidying seems to have no end in sight; especially if he were to direct his efforts to the destruction outside. This tidy end of which Cool dreams would only yield disappointment as he would have no cleaning duty to occupy him and upon achieving it, his life would again become meaningless. In s uch a way, Cloves vision provides meaning to his trudge, which would otherwise dissipate upon achieving his goal. This focus on repetitive actions that delay the inevitable prohibits the discernment of meaning from these same actions, since there is never a final culmination to assess.Still, even the one example of a final product, is by no means fulfilling. â€Å"Look at the world and look – at my TROUSERS. † (Endgame, 56) Says the tailor in Knell's story, as if to belittle the bounty of the world (tongue in cheek, of ours) in the face the quality of his pants. In this case, as in the case of the characters death delaying routine, no amount of postponement will have made the end result worthy. As such, the play essentially stresses a â€Å"damned if you do, and damned if you don't† scenario by showing how any action will eventually be absolved in futility.The theme of futility ties into the very initial metaphor for ends in beginnings: As Cool mutters â€Å"Fi nished, it's finished, nearly finished, it must be nearly finished. Grain upon grain, one by one, and one day, suddenly, there's a heap, a little heap, the impossible heap. (Endgame, 50), he effectively questions when individual grains live up to the concept of a â€Å"heap. † From this perspective, the heap is an â€Å"impossible† notion, as any single grain is not in itself a heap, and a â€Å"heap† is Just an accumulation of single grains.This view resurfaces yet again, when Ham considers how individual moments make up a life (Endgame, 70). In this instance the analogy maintains that it is an â€Å"impossible† life, consisting not of a life that can be scrutinized as a goal achieved (or not), but of discrete moments that define it (before death terminates it indefinitely). Thus, any creation of meaning incurred during one's life, is presented as ultimately pointless – and only leading to its own destruction with the passing of its believers.Whil e Ham and Cool are in the â€Å"endgame† of their ancient lives, with death lurking around the corner, they are also stuck in a perpetual loop that never allows the to achieve closure. Ham claims he wants to be â€Å"finished,† but admits that he â€Å"hesitate[s]† to do so (Endgame, 51). â€Å"We're not beginning to†¦ To†¦ Mean something? â€Å", Ham wonders, only to be ridiculed by Cool in response him deeply aware of its lack of purpose. Since any ending is also a beginning, there is never any finality, and conclusive meaning is impossible.Besides, any meaning derived would be as shallow as the meaning left behind; while only persisting as long as its belabored. The very expression of Ham's question exemplifies this very struggle; where he delays and repeats words as he attempts to finish the sentence – only to have it become a meaningless gesture in the eyes of Cool. Cool, though aware of the world's absurdity must still subscribe to routi ne. He adheres to the daily procedures of tending to Ham and thus makes it the purpose of his life.Just as death wont arrive to conclude their lives, neither Ham nor Cool can escape existence in catheters presence. Such is the case with Clove's frequent failed attempts to leave the room and Ham's insistence on squashing the flea that might herald with it the human race; the characters appear to fear the destruction of their current realm of existence in favor of another for fear of the new world being worse still. It is consequently implied that the characters loathe the thought of reincarnation into this world; particularly being personally resurrected after death only to face life again.Thus they make an effort to kill all potential propagators of meaningless life such as the â€Å"procreators† that they seek to kill (Endgame, 73), or the incident with the flea the flea: â€Å"But humanity might start from there all over again! Catch him, for the love of God! † (Endg ame, 59) screams Ham, in chase of the flea. In exploring the cyclical nature of destruction and creation, â€Å"Endgame† notes on the futility inherent to the process. The cyclical nature of destruction and creation is rendered meaningless by the very definition of its continuity.Seeing the meaning seep from their previous existence, the characters come to realism that any new purpose will be as unfailing and mortal as the last. In the process of finding purpose in an existence doomed to meaningless, the characters come to occupy their time with senseless repetition that they both despise, and require. In true existentialist fashion, they deem all actions pointless, but are unwilling to stop making them while they still can. This play goes to show that meaning is what you make of it, and that there are no winners at the end of this absurd game called life.

Hearing and Visual Impairments Essay

Understanding the struggles that hearing and visual impaired people go through has to be a tough challenge for them. Using their senses and other abilities to comprehend and communicate is truly extraordinary. They live their lives to the fullest and do not want anyone’s sympathy. Learning about how visual impairments take place must not be noted until we find out how a person can see. There are three functions for seeing: optical system, muscular system, and the nervous system, all play a role in how a person uses their vision. According to the IDEA, (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act), any human being whose vision is 20/200 or less is considered legally blind (Heward, 2013). The educational definition when referring to learning states, an impairment in vision that disrupts a child’s ability to succeed in educational performance. Damage to the optical, muscular or nervous system can cause a visual impairment. Types of visual impairments include cataracts, color blindness and glaucoma. When it comes to academic achievement students will not be left behind when it comes to visual impairments. For students who are blind the use of braille is the way of reading and writing in which letters numbers and words are in arrangements of raised dots on the book or paper. Computers have special keyboards for students with visual aids so that the use of technology is not taking away from the student. Students with low vision have the options of optical aids where magnification plays a huge role in helping the student see. Hearing Impairments A person has the ability from gathering sounds from the environment and transforms that energy into a form that can be interpreted by the brain  (Heward, Hearing and Visual Impairments 3 2013). Hearing impairments may be the hardest of the five senses to understand. There are factors involved that are not completely understood by scientist and doctors. The IDEA defines hearing impairments as, a hearing loss that is so traumatic, that the child is impaired by understanding sounds and what they stand for, rather with sound or not, and affects a child’s work in school. A person who is deaf cannot hear what a person is saying to them without the use of hearing aids, reading lips, or sign language. People that are considered hard of hearing can comprehend things with the use of devices such as hearing aids. There are different types of hearing impairments that cause hearing damage. Conductive hearing loss has to do with damage to the outer or middle ear. Sensory hearing loss has to do with a disturbance to the cochlea that affects hearing. Neural hearing impairment is damage to the auditory nerve pathway (Heward, 2013). Hearing impairments can be caused by several factors: ear wax buildup, noise exposure, genetic factors, and meningitis. Things that can help students who suffer from hearing impairments in school are being improved every day. Technology such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, television and movie captioning. The thing that I feel is most important to hearing impaired students is the use of sign language. The fact that the use of sign language interpreters in the classroom has increased over the years is a sign that people see the positives in using the interpreters for success. In conclusion, technology has had a big hand in helping the hearing and visual impaired reach astronomical success in the classroom and outside the classroom. Although they still have their struggles in society it has improved a great deal from the early centuries. Hearing and visual impaired do not believe they have a disability and with good reason they should not. They can do anything they set their mind to and with good reason due to the advancements we have made as a society. Reference Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, Tenth Edition, by William L. Heward. Pearson, 2013.

Dont Ask Dont Tell essays

Don't Ask Don't Tell essays We the Affirmative believe the United States Militarys Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy should be repealed. We argue that homosexuals are not a threat to the military, that the policy is a hardship on American taxpayers, and that the policy is not being administered properly and never has been. People are different. People have always been different; this isnt a new concept. There are differences ranging from physical appearance to political opinion to sexual orientation. Our society has consistently been confronted with and has consistently overcome those differences that may be a threat to human cohesion. Cohesion is an important term, used often in this debate. Websters Dictionary defines cohesion as The act or state of sticking together; close union. Proponents of the United States Militarys Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy frequently argue that homosexuals in the military are a threat to unit cohesion and morale, that the military is a much different society than what the average ci tizen lives in. Meaning that a heterosexual service member would have trouble serving with a homosexual one, and that despite growing acceptance of homosexuals in the workplace, school, and in general everyday life; the military is a different society than the world as we know it, and not as accepting. However, if you ask any Professor of Political Science they will all tell you what Dr. Roger Payne told me; that the military is supposed to represent the ideals of our culture. Since the invention of the military, it has been a common belief that unit cohesion is a necessity to the successful operation of any military force. We argue that homosexual service members, who have not tried to hide their sexual orientation, are in actuality not a threat to unit cohesion. Over one hundred years ago African Americans began to serve their country in the military despite beliefs f...

Democratization in The Philippines and South Korea Essay

Democratization in The Philippines and South Korea - Essay Example -97).Perkins argues that the president started far- reaching anti-corruption campaigns which to the public appeared to be genuine, the president introduced some reforms like exposure of assets by high level public officials and he amended the elections and political fund laws. Personally, he explains that the president led the campaign against corruption by declaring that he would not be receiving money as president the way the previous presidents used to. The author believes that Kim Young-Sam's campaign against corruption reached peak with the arrest and indictment of two former presidents on corruption charges. Kim Dae-jung's was the next president after Sam, the new president found public expectations for anti-corruption reforms being very high and similarly, he initiated some reforms that were basically based on transparency of public administration and other organizations and it is during his tenure when a comprehensive anti-corruption law was enacted (Cecil 2008). Next, and why is the Philippines more corrupt than South Korea Your answer, it has been performing poorly in the Transparency International corruption ranking tables than her neighbour.Well, Mr. Tony (2008) tells us that in the late 1960s the Philippines regime was challenged by rural insurgency and subsequently an urban protest movement. The author reports that the president Ferdinand Marcos, who himself had been elected amid accusations of electoral fraud and corruption declared martial law in 1972, this was in response to these insurgencies and the country was faced with several challenges. Under martial law, he argues that the Philippines was transformed from an elitist democracy into a "constitutional authoritarian" system. "Marcos friends and associates monopolized major industries, and cronyism... In Korea, the democratization process was more tailored to fight corruption than in the Philippines. We shall see later in the research that, anti-corruption movements in Korea started earlier even during the colonial regimes; in contrast, we shall see how in the Philippines the regime did not embrace serious reforms aimed at fighting corruption. When explaining why Korea is much less corrupt than the Philippines, Mr. Schmidt (2000) considers the part played by the religious group and the civil society. The author explains that democratic reforms and the growth of civil society seem to increasingly play a positive role in curbing corruption in Korea than in the Philippines .He argues that unlike Philippines, in Korea there was unity of religious groups in democratization movement and that the religious leaders in the democratization movement were naturally accepted by the general public as good shelters. Further more, he maintains that even during military dictatorial regimes some re ligious groups had taken the most important role in human rights movement. During this period Mr. Schmidt asserts that many religious leaders were put into jail and the government of the day was very oppressive. The author argues that it is on the background of this oppression that ironically made unity among various religious groups and with civil society in Korea. It can be argued that a central factor working in favor of Korean democratization is that the people took direct action in a revolutionary circumstances and forced political reforms, while a persistent source of weakness in the Philippines democracy is the general feeling that it lacks grass roots.

Personal Journey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Journey - Essay Example The time we are kids, we have our own choices and preferences about anything we come across without containment parts imposed by elders in the family or the peer group we live in. As Erikson says, at each stage, there must develop an ego capability for the further development of personality (Slee 2002, p.53). I remember the days which I was always free from entrustments of heavy burdens or ethical values to be added to my life unlike now. I had my schooling done in a comparatively small town with not many things to speak great bout those days. I can never say that I was at compromise with anything I longed for. I used to have good and fashionable clothes and lots of fun with very good friends. I must say, they should be the real gift of God. We had resourceful teachers to guide us through the high school education where the school was rated one of the top ten schools in the state. Since my physique was quite athletic, I was directed to join various training campaigns to get trained for competitive events at different levels. At times I was successful, but never did I have the feel that I would ever become a sports man. It may be the case because; I was much concerned about the humane elements of life. As an innate nature, I always liked to be of some help to people around me. Even today, I feel puzzled when I try to consolidate my present life with what I expected myself to be. It is for sure, my being a doctor was not an overnight affair. It took me several years of study and researches to become at lest what I am now. A clear – cut study of evolutions happened in me may get you the idea about how people change themselves through different ages. I would never like to accept that I have done something to change myself; therefore, I can say that life changes on its way with condition pertaining to stages of life. According to Erikson, â€Å"the adulthood stage focuses

Russia and Eastern Europe After Lenin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Russia and Eastern Europe After Lenin - Essay Example Post war development in Russia under Stalinism influenced the economically and strategically forward European nations which had followed the system of Stalinism for a long time until the result of World War II brought drastic changes in the political and economic definitions across the world. This essay focuses on the development and decline of Stalinism in different countries across Central and Eastern Europe during the post-war period. During the time of developmental changes in Russia, Leninist followers identified the ratification possibilities of the state to approve the powers of capital investors over the working class of the country. Revolutionary leaders of Russia then framed actions and campaigns to direct the state administration to communism. The ideal principle of the movements of Leninists was the preference of revolution to evolution and social democracy to communism. However, the two leaders were guided by more less similar principle and were highly regarded as the leaders of the masses. According Foster (2007), both Lenin and Stalin were men of action and thought who have shown the example of coordination of theories and practices required for the realisation of daily needs of the masses of the country for achieving the desired outlook of socialism. By the end of Leninist era, Stalin emerged as a prime figure in the Republic of Russia with his principles of centralized administration and trust in th e employment of terror for power. The Stalinist invasion of Europe started with the agreement of Germany giving away the states of Baltic and part of Nazi dominant part of Poland to Russia (Western Civilization, 1997). Stalin’s foremost political identity was reflected by his distrust for the Western Europeans and the immediate lenience he showed to the supporting nations that stood along with his interest. The time of Churchill posed crucial protest